Chemistry Nobel Prize Winners (1901 to Present)

1901 Jacobus H. van't Hoff Netherlands Discovered laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions 1902 Emil Hermann Fischer Germany Synthetic studies of sugar and purine groups 1903 Svante A. Arrhenius Sweden Theory of electrolytic dissociation 1904 Sir William Ramsay Great Britain Discovered the noble gases 1905 Adolf von Baeyer Germany Organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds 1906 Henri Moissan France Studied and isolated the element fluorine 1907 Eduard Buchner Germany Biochemical studies, discovered fermentation without cells 1908 Sir Ernest Rutherford Great Britain Decay of the elements, chemistry of radioactive substances 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Germany Catalysis, chemical equilibria, and reaction rates 1910 Otto Wallach Germany Alicyclic compounds 1911 Marie Curie Poland-France Discovered radium and polonium 1912 Victor Grignard
Paul Sabatier France
France Grignard's reagent
Hydrogenation of organic compounds in the presence of finely divided metals 1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland Bonding relations of atoms in molecules (inorganic chemistry) 1914 Theodore W. Richards United States Determined atomic weights 1915 Richard M. Willstätter Germany Investigated plant pigments, particularly chlorophyll 1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1917 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1918 Fritz Haber Germany Synthesized ammonia from its elements 1919 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1920 Walther H. Nernst Germany Studies on thermodynamics 1921 Frederick Soddy Great Britain Chemistry of radioactive substances, occurrence and nature of the isotopes 1922 Francis William Aston Great Britain Discovered several isotopes, mass spectrograph 1923 Fritz Pregl Austria Microanalysis of organic compounds 1924 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1925 Richard A. Zsigmondy Germany, Austria Colloid chemistry (ultramicroscope) 1926 Theodor Svedberg Sweden Disperse systems (ultracentrifuge) 1927 Heinrich O. Wieland Germany Constitution of bile acids 1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Germany Study of sterols and their relation with vitamins (vitamin D) 1929 Sir Arthur Harden
Hans von Euler-Chelpin Great Britain
Sweden, Germany Studied fermentation of sugars and enzymes 1930 Hans Fischer Germany Studied blood and plant pigments, synthesized hemin 1931 Friedrich Bergius
Karl Bosch Germany
Germany Developed chemical high-pressure processes 1932 Irving Langmuir United States Surface chemistry 1933 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1934 Harold Clayton Urey United States Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) 1935 Frederic Joliot-Curie
Iréne Joliot-Curie France
France Syntheses of new radioactive elements (artificial radioactivity) 1936 Peter J. W. Debye Netherlands, Germany Studied dipole moments and the diffraction of X rays and electron beams by gases 1937 Walter N. Haworth
Paul Karrer Great Britain
Switzerland Studied carbohydrates and vitamin C
Studied carotenoids and flavins and vitamins A and B₂ 1938 Richard Kuhn Germany Studied carotenoids and vitamins 1939 Adolf F. J. Butenandt
Lavoslav Stjepan Ružička Germany
Switzerland Studies on sexual hormones
Studied polymethylenes and higher terpenes 1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section 1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1943 Georg de Hevesy Hungary Application of isotopes as indicators in the investigation of chemical processes 1944 Otto Hahn Germany Discovered nuclear fission of atoms 1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland Discoveries in the area of agricultural and food chemistry, method of preservation of fodder 1946 James B. Sumner

John H. Northrop

Wendell M. Stanley United States
United States
United States Prepared enzymes and virus proteins in pure form
Crystallizability of enzymes 1947 Sir Robert Robinson Great Britain Studied alkaloids 1948 Arne W. K. Tiselius Sweden Analysis using electrophoresis and adsorption, discoveries concerning serum proteins 1949 William F. Giauque United States Contributions to chemical thermodynamics, properties at extremely low temperatures (adiabatic demagnetization) 1950 Kurt Alder

Otto P. H. Diels Germany
Germany Developed diene synthesis 1951 Edwin M. McMillan

Glenn T. Seaborg United States
United States Discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements 1952 Archer J. P. Martin

Richard L. M. Synge Great Britain
Great Britain Invented distribution chromatography 1953 Hermann Staudinger Germany Discoveries in the area of macromolecular chemistry 1954 Linus C. Pauling United States Studied the nature of the chemical bond (molecular structure of proteins) 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud United States Synthesized a polypeptide hormone 1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
Nikolai N. Semenov Great Britain
Soviet Union Mechanisms of chemical reactions 1957 Sir Alexander R. Todd Great Britain Studied nucleotides and their coenzymes 1958 Frederick Sanger Great Britain Structure of proteins, especially insulin 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský Czech Republic Polarography 1960 Willard F. Libby United States Application of carbon 14 for age determinations (radiocarbon dating) 1961 Melvin Calvin United States Studied the assimilation of carbonic acid by plants (photosynthesis) 1962 John C. Kendrew

Max F. Perutz Great Britain
Great Britain, Austria Studied the structures of globulin proteins 1963 Giulio Natta
Karl Ziegler Italy
Germany Chemistry and technology of high polymers 1964 Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin Great Britain Structure determination of biologically important substances by means of X rays 1965 Robert B. Woodward United States Syntheses of natural products 1966 Robert S. Mulliken United States Studied chemical bonds and the electron structure of molecules using the orbital method 1967 Manfred Eigen
Ronald G. W. Norrish
George Porter Germany
Great Britain
Great Britain Investigated extremely fast chemical reactions 1968 Lars Onsager United States, Norway Studied the thermodynamics of irreversible processes 1969 Derek H. R. Barton
Odd Hassel Great Britain
Norway Development of the concept of conformation 1970 Luis F. Leloir Argentina Discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates 1971 Gerhard Herzberg Canada Electron structure and geometry of molecules, particularly of free radicals (molecular spectroscopy) 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen
Stanford Moore
William H. Stein United States
United States
United States Studied ribonuclease (Anfinsen)
Studied the active center of ribonuclease (Moore & Stein) 1973 Ernst Otto Fischer
Geoffrey Wilkinson Germany
Great Britain Chemistry of metal-organic sandwich compounds 1974 Paul J. Flory United States Physical chemistry of macromolecules 1975 John Cornforth

Vladimir Prelog Australia - Great Britain
Yugoslavia - Switzerland Stereochemistry of enzyme catalysis reactions
Studied the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions 1976 William N. Lipscomb United States Structure of boranes 1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium Contributions to the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, particularly to the theory of dissipative structures 1978 Peter Mitchell Great Britain Studied biological energy transfer, development of the chemiosmotic theory 1979 Herbert C. Brown
Georg Wittig United States
Germany Development of (organic) boron and phosphorous compounds 1980 Paul Berg

Walter Gilbert

Frederick Sanger United States
United States
Great Britain Studied the biochemistry of nucleic acids, particularly hybrid DNA (technology of gene surgery) (Berg)
Determined base sequences in nucleic acids (Gilbert & Sanger) 1981 Kenichi Fukui
Roald Hoffmann Japan
United States Theories on the progress of chemical reactions (frontier orbital theory) 1982 Aaron Klug South Africa Developed crystallographic methods for the elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid protein complexes 1983 Henry Taube Canada Reaction mechanisms of electron transfer, especially with metal complexes 1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield United States Method for the preparation of peptides and proteins 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman

Jerome Karle United States
United States Developed direct methods for the determination of crystal structures 1986 Dudley R. Herschbach
Yuan T. Lee
John C. Polanyi United States
United States
Canada Dynamics of chemical elementary processes 1987 Donald James Cram

Charles J. Pedersen

Jean-Marie Lehn United States
United States
France Development of molecules with structurally specific interaction of high selectivity 1988 Johann Deisenhofer

Robert Huber

Hartmut Michel Germany
Germany
Germany Determined the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction center 1989 Thomas Robert Cech
Sidney Altman United States
United States Discovered the catalytic properties of ribonucleic acid (RNA) 1990 Elias James Corey United States Developed novel methods for the synthesis of complex natural compounds (retrosynthetic analysis) 1991 Richard R. Ernst Switzerland Developed high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus Canada - United States Theories of electron transfer 1993 Kary B. Mullis
Michael Smith United States
Great Britain - Canada Invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Development of site specific mutagenesis 1994 George A. Olah United States Carbocations 1995 Paul Crutzen
Mario Molina
F. Sherwood Rowland Netherlands
Mexico - United States
United States Work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone 1996 Harold W. Kroto

Robert F. Curl, Jr.

Richard E. Smalley Great Britain
United States
United States Discovered fullerenes 1997 Paul Delos Boyer
John E. Walker
Jens C. Skou United States
Great Britain
Denmark Elucidated the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase 1998 Walter Kohn
John A. Pople United States
Great Britain Development of the density-functional theory (Kohn)
Development of computational methods in quantum chemistry (GAUSSIAN computer programs) (Pope) 1999 Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt - United States Studied the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy 2000 Alan J. Heeger
Alan G. MacDiarmid
Hideki Shirakawa United States
United States
Japan Discovered and developed conductive polymers 2001 William S. Knowles
Ryoji Noyori
Karl Barry Sharpless United States
Japan
United States Work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions (Knowles & Noyori)
Work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions (Sharpless) 2002 John Bennett Fenn
Jokichi Takamine
Kurt Wüthrich United States
Japan
Switzerland Developed soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules (Fenn & Tanaka)
Developed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution (Wüthrich) 2003 Peter Agre
Roderick MacKinnon United States
United States Discovered water channels for transport of water in cell membranes
Performed structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels in cells 2004 Aaron Ciechanover
Avaram Hershko
Irwin Rose Israel
Israel
United States Discovered and elucidated the process of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation 2005 Yves Chauvin
Robert H. Grubbs
Richard R. Schrock France
United States
United States Developed the metathesis method of organic synthesis, allowing for advances in 'green' chemistry 2006 Roger D. Kornberg United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" 2007 Gerhard Ertl Germany "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" 2008 Shimomura Osamu
Martin Chalfie
Roger Y. Tsien United States "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" 2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
Thomas A. Steitz
Ada E. Yonath United Kingdom
United States
Isreal "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" 2010 Ei-ichi Negishi
Akira Suzuki
Richard Heck Japan
Japan
United States "for the development of palladium-catalyzed cross coupling" 2011 Daniel Shechtman Israel "for the discovery of quasi-crystals" 2012 Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka United States "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" 2013 Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, Arieh Warshel United States "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" 2014 Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell, William E. Moerner (USA) United States, Germany, United States “for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy” 2016 Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart, Bernard L. Feringa France, United States, Netherlands “for the design and synthesis of molecular machines” 2017 Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, Richard Henderson Switzerland, United States, United Kingdom “for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution”